Classification Changes of Origin Plants of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on APG Ⅳ System / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveThe angiosperm phylogeny group （APG） Ⅳ system is currently the latest angiosperm classification system. The APG system based on DNA sequence can more naturally reflect the phylogeny and evolution of plants， which has been widely recognized and applied in scientific research and teaching of plants in other countries. Through the comparison between the changes in the APG Ⅳ system and the traditional plant classification system， the changes in the taxonomic status of the original plants of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were reviewed. MethodBy referring to the literature in China and abroad， the changes in the taxonomic status of the original plants of TCM recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia were sorted out according to the basic groups of angiosperms in the APG Ⅳ system， including the basal group of ANA， the magnoliid and chloranthales， the basal groups of monocots and eudicots， the superrosids， and the superasterids. ResultThere are about 72 species of TCM in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. A total of 76 species of the original plants change in family grade according to the APG Ⅳ system. There are 22 species of TCM belonging to the dicotyledon class， involving 26 species of the original plants. It should be placed in front of the differentiation of monocotyledons and eudicotyledons according to the APG Ⅳ system. ConclusionThis paper largely clarifies the change in the taxonomic status of the original plants of TCM in Chinese Pharmacopoeia according to the APG Ⅳ system， which is helpful to the reviewing literature in China and abroad for the original plants of TCM and facilitates the international academic exchange for TCM. It provides a reference for the revision of textbooks such as Botany and Medicinal Botany in Chinese colleges and universities and will lay the foundation for updating the content of Chinese Pharmacopoeia in the future.

Textual Research on Tibetan Medicinal Herb Lamiophlomis Herba / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Lamiophlomis Herba， one of the medicinal herbs commonly used by the Tibetan ethnic minority， has the effect of activating blood， stopping bleeding， dispelling wind， and relieving pain and is frequently used to treat trauma， traumatic bleeding， rheumatic arthralgia， and dampness and dampness-heat. By a review of ancient Tibetan medicine classics， materia medica classics， and modern literature， this paper systematically analyzed the name， nature， taste， original plant， medicinal part， harvest， processing， efficacy， and indications of Lamiophlomis Herba. The textual research showed that Lamiophlomis Herba was first recorded in the Somaratsa （《月王药诊》） in the middle of the eighth century. This medicinal herb was mainly recorded with a plain and warm nature and a sweet， bitter， and astringent taste. The herb was recorded as non-toxic in other books except the Tibetan Medicinal Plants in Gannan of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （《青藏高原甘南藏药植物志》）. In the books of the past dynasties， the aboveground part of Lomiophlomis rotatd was used as medicine. In addition， there were also records of using the whole herbs of Ajuga ovalifolia， A. ovalifolia var. calantha， and Oreosolen wattii as the medicine. In ancient times， the herb was mainly harvested before Frost's Descent in the 8th-9th months of the lunar calendar， while it was mainly harvested during the flowering-fruiting stage in autumn in modern times. Due to the decreased reserve of Lamiophlomis Herba， the medicinal part evolved from whole herb or fresh leaves to the aboveground part. According to the ancient and modern records， this herb mainly has the functions of nourishing bone and marrow， eliminating dampness and dampness-heat， stopping bleeding， and relieving pain. In ancient times， it was used for treating parasitic diseases， menostaxis， spermatorrhea， diarrhea， and nourishing the body. This paper aims to provide a basis for further development and study of Lamiophlomis Herba through the textual research.

Methods and key points of literature collation and mining of classic prescriptions in ethnic medicine / 中国中药杂志

The systematic collation and mining of ethnic medicine literature is the key to the screening and textual research of classic prescriptions. This study focused on the textual research of such key issues as the source of prescriptions, the translation of minority languages into Chinese characters and their corresponding medical terms, the original plants of drugs, and the standard dosage. It is believed that the methods and experience of textual research of classic prescriptions in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) can be utilized by the ethnic medicine. At the same time, the prominent problems unique to ethnic medicine cannot be neglected.(1)Attention should be paid to extraterritorial traditional medical literature in the textual research of the source of prescriptions. For instance, Indian medical literature is the source of many classic prescriptions in Tibetan medicine, Ibn Sina's Canon of Medicine the source of those in Uygur and Hui medicine, and ancient Indian Buddhist classics the source of those in Dai medicine.(2)The translation and comparison of medical terms in different language systems requires the cooperation of linguists, historians, and medical experts, the combination of historical research, historical linguistics and clinical research methods, and the use of cross-language comparison. In recent years, the related research achievements like multiple translated and annotated versions of classical literature in ethnic medicine and their respective terminology standards have been constantly emerging.(3)In textual research of the original plants of drugs, the following two points deserve attention: one is that the same drug is used in different ethnic medical systems, but there are differences in the understanding of drug properties and active parts; the other is that the original plants of the same drug vary in different ethnic medical systems.(4)The derivation of some classic prescriptions in ethnic medicine from foreign classics results in the difference among measurement systems. In addition, the detailed dosage fails to be covered in some ethnic literature, so the dosage standard should be determined depending on clinical practice and expert consensus.

Herbalogical study on original plant and medicinal and edible values of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus / 中国中药杂志

Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus is a both medicinal and edible species specified by the China Ministry of Health, with a long history in China. According to the ancient monographs about materia medica, it was found that the records of the Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus on the original plants were confused. This paper reviewed the ancient monographs about materia medica, and made a summarization and textual research on the name, origin, habitat, processing methods, medicinal properties and clinicacy efficacy of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus based the comprehensive analysis on modern literatures and authoritative books of Chinese herbal medicine. The results indicated that there were many bynames of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. Before the Yuan Dynasty, there was a mixed use of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus and Citri Fructus, which were not distinguished from each other in terms of nature and taste until the Yuan dynasty. Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus was a varietas of Citri Fructus. The main shape of the original plant of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus is "like a human hand with fingers" as recorded in ancient monographs about materia medica. The main places of origin of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus were Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Sichuan, which were relatively stable. There were fewer records about medicinal proces-sing methods of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. Only steaming and baking methods were found in ancient monographs about materia medica, and the steaming method could reduce the irritability of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. The processing of therapeutic dietary of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus was widely used in folk, which was represented by Chaozhou Laoxianghuang, a traditional succade made of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus. According to the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus had effects in soothing liver and regulating gas, relieving pain in the stomach, eliminating dampness and resolving phlegm, which was basically consistent with the descriptions in ancient monographs about materia medica. This paper defined the original plant of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus, and sorted out and summarized the processing methods, nature and taste of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus, so as to provide data support for the standardization of the processing technology and the development and utilization of Citri Sarcodactylis Fructus.

Study on original plant species and geographical distribution of Fructus Aurantii / 中国中药杂志

The original plant species of Fructus Aurantii are multitudinous and complex, and their requirements to the growing environment is strict. In order to clarify the original plant species and geographical distribution of Fructus Aurantii which recorded in the standards and circulated, used in commodity. The national and local standards of Chinese medicinal materials were collected and the original plants of Fructus Aurantii recoded in standards were found. Ten original plant species of Fructus Aurantii (including varieties of cultivars, the same below) were recorded in the Chinese pharmacopoeia and six local standards of Zhejiang, Yunnan and Guizhou etc. The producing areas and commodity in markets of Fructus Aurantii were investigated. The growth environment and geographical distribution of them were analyzed. There are six types of Fructus Aurantii i.e., Fructus Aurantii Chuan, Fructus Aurantii Xiang, Fructus Aurantii Jiang, Fructus Aurantii Qu, Fructus Aurantii Su, Fructus Aurantii Wen, and nineteen species of original plants in the practical commodities. There are four major Fructus Aurantii producing areas: Sichuan Basin, Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Jinqu Basin and its surrounding hilly areas. All of them are located in the area of the east longitude 104° to 121° and the northern latitudes 27° to 31°. There is a certain difference between the actual commodity and the standards of medicinal materials. It is suggested that the traditional mainstream types of Fructus Aurantii with fine quality should be accepted into Chinese Pharmacopoeia, and the types with poor quality should be withdrawn from Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Original and substituted plants for Tibetan medicine Lignum Caraganae / 中草药

Lignum Caraganae is used as a Tibetan medicine originated in the record in Four Medical Tantras written in the 8th century AD. Afterwards, Shel Gong Shel Phreng and many other Tibetan and Chinese medicine works kept recording of it. In pertinent literature, there are large differences in names and plant sources about Lignum Caraganae. In this paper, literature textual investigation on Lignum Caraganae about its names, original and substituted plants, medicinal parts was conducted. Besides, the plant morphology, name modification, distribution, and traditional application of relevant plants were summarized. The results showed that the original plant of Lignum Caraganae was Caragana jubata, which produced from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its red heart wood was used as crude medicine. C. changduensis, and C. tibetica were also used as original plants in a certain area. Five kinds of other plants in Caragana genus and Caesalpinia sappan were often used as a substitute for Lignum Caraganae.

Pharmaceutical Identification of Three original Plants of Anoectochilus / 中草药

Objective: To research the pharmaceutical identification of Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl., A. formosanus Hayata and A. chapaensis Gagnep. Methods: Using the methods of freehand section, microexamination, and digital photography to compare the plant morphology, tissue structures of root, stem and leaf transverse, and dried medicinal powder. Results: The plants of A.roxburghii and A. formosanus were smaller than that of A. chapaensis. The colors of their leaf veins were golden yellow, silver and light red, respectively, which should be the key morphologic identification. As for characteristics of histology, there were more xylem bundles and broad pulp in the root, and more external vascular bundles in the stem of A. chapaensis than the other two plants. The upper epidermal cells of A. formosanus were triangle shape differ to the oval shape in the other two plants. There were few red materials on the upper surface of A. roxburghii. Many red materials on the upper surface of A. formosanus were dispersed existence. The red materials on the upper surface of A. chapaensis showed to concentrate a column. The result showed their chemical compositions were large differences. Conclusion: The large differences on plant morphology and microstructure of the different sources plant were carried out. Our works will provide the basis for the establishment of quality standard of Anoectochilus.

<b>On the Botanical Origin of Crude Drugs, with Special Reference to Plant Parts for Medicinal Use and Scientific Names </b><b>for Original Crude Drug Plants </b> / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Botanical origin is one of the most important subjects for ensuring the quality of crude drugs. In this review the author discusses plant parts for medicinal use, especially their Latin names, and scientific names for original crude drug plants.<br>In Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) there are several crude drugs whose Latin names are controversial. For example, Opiopogonis Tuber should be corrected to Opiopogonis Radix. The descriptive style of scientific plant specie names in JP is often different from that adopted in taxonomy. A table showing differences between the two styles is given. Examples of crude drugs are given, in which additional plant species are defined in the 16 th JP based on the research work with market samples. Also, comparisons of the botanical origins of crude drugs are made between JP and CP (Chinese Pharmacopoeia).

Comparison and identification of Herba Sedi and Herba Sedi Linearis / 中华中医药杂志

Objective: To research identification methods of the two crude drugs from the original plants with close relationship and very similar macroscopic shape,"Chuipencao"(Herba Sedi) and "Fujiacao"(Herba Sedi Linearis).Methods:Microscopic technique and TLC were used to determine the pharmacognostical characters for identification purpose.Results: The microscopic observations showed that the tissue structures of the stems and the microscopic characters of the powders were very similar between the two herbal drugs.But there were significant differences in number of the vessel,shape of the pith,and number of the purplish-red cell.For the samples collected in August,number of the vessel of the former usually was only 35-58,while the latter was 75-150.Pith of the former usually was in the shape of a triangle,while the latter was in the shape of Y.The TLC result had also obvious difference between the two drugs.Besides,there were some differences of the pharmacognostical characters of the samples collected in distinct periods.Conclusion: The results provided scientific basis for the identification of the two crude drugs and suggested that the general microscopic features be not important in the microscopic identification of the crude drugs from the original plants with closer relationship.